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This wacky professor had us all enthralled and proposed a number of avenues for thought, more or less feasible and sustainable! We will probably see several local and regional COPs emerging in the next few years. Read all about the highlights in tweets. And of course what all the conference-goers were waiting for … The carnival of Dunkirk! I have no words to describe the atmosphere… You have to experience it for yourself!

Rendezvous again in Dunkirk in , but before that the next European Energy Transition Conference will take place in Bordeaux in ! Powered by WordPress and 56k. The European association of cities in energy transition.

UN estimates therefore report that 54 percent of people in the world lived in urban areas in Using UN Urbanization Prospects projections, in this is estimated to be just over 55 percent of the world. The UN figures are the most widely referenced and cited on global urbanization. Why are they so contested? The UN reports figures based on nationally-defined urban shares. The problem, however, is that countries adopt very different definitions of urbanization. Not only do the thresholds of urban versus rural vary, but the types of metrics used also differ. Some countries use minimum population thresholds, others use population density, infrastructure development, employment type, or simply the population of pre-defined cities.

In the table below we highlight the varied definitions across a selection of countries. The table illustrates the broad range of definitions between countries which compromises cross-country comparisons. And since the reported global figure is simply the sum of nationally-reported shares, the lack of a universal definition is also problematic for these aggregated figures. However, the variation across countries was vast. Sweden and Denmark set this threshold at only inhabitants; Japan at 50, a fold difference.

Researchers from the European Commission, for example, reported that 85 percent of people live in urban areas. Its project, Atlas of the Human Planet , combines high-resolution satellite imagery with national census data to derive its estimates of urban and rural settlements. The European Commission applied a universal definition of settlements across all countries:. Using these definitions, it reports that 52 percent of the world lived in urban centres, 33 percent in urban clusters, and 15 percent in rural areas in This makes the total urban share 85 percent more than 6.

The reported urban share by continent is shown in the chart below. The authors suggest multiple reasons why such figures are too high: based on agricultural employment figures, they estimate urban populations cannot exceed 60 percent; the low urban-density threshold adopted by the European Commission means entire cropland regions are classified as urban; and that this low-density threshold is inconsistent with observed population densities on the fringes of cities. Clearly how we define an urban area has a significant impact on its estimated population.

UN figures report 4 billion, whilst the European Commission reports 6 billion a difference of one-third. Whilst there is clearly differences in estimates at the global level, the overall trend in urbanization at national levels regardless of their definition is still important. The rate of this change is important for its evaluation of progress, demographic change, and national planning.

But would the world adopt a standardized definition? The UN Statistics Division aims to convene an expert group featuring representatives from 24 member states later this year to try to reach consensus. With the aim of having countries adopt this definition for their own estimates, it would have to gain a very high approval rate.

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With such a wide array of national definitions, it will be a difficult task. Countries have the right to define what they consider to be urban and rural settlements. Quality of living standards in urban centres is of course an important measure of wellbeing. One metric of living standards is the share of the urban population living in slum households. A slum household is defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking one or more of the following conditions: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient living area, and durability of housing.

The most recent global estimates suggest just under 1-in-3 people in urban areas lived in slum households. The share of the urban population living in slums by country is shown in the chart. This data is available from the year Here we see that in the latest data, most countries across Asia and Latin America had between 10 to 30 percent of urban populations living in slum households some slightly higher. Slum households were most prevalent across Sub-Saharan Africa; most had more than half of urban populations living in slum households, and some such as Sudan, South Sudan, and Central African Republic had more than 90 percent.

We see that over time, for most countries, the share of the urban population living in slums has been falling. From to , for example, the share of the urban population in slum households fell from:. How many people are living in urban slums? In the chart we see the total number of people living in urban slum households, and the urban population not living in slums.

Here we see that despite continued population growth and urbanization rates across most countries, the absolute number of people living in urban slum households has also been falling across many countries.

A map of total number of people living in urban slum households by country is available to explore here. In the chart we show the percentage of the total population which live in agglomerations greater than one million people i. These figures are available in absolute terms the total number of people living in large urban settings , found here. Here we see large differences across the world.

Smaller city-based nations such as Kuwait, UAE, Japan, Puerto Rico and Israel tend to have high rates of large urban agglomeration: more than half live in large cities. Across much of the Americas, 40 to 50 percent live in large urban agglomerations. Most other countries across Europe, Asia and Africa lie somewhere in the range of 10 to 40 percent.

We can also look at this centralisation effect through the share of the urban population which lives in the single largest city. This is shown in chart. Overall, this share tends to be higher in countries across Africa and Latin America; a share of 30 to 50 percent is common. Rates across Europe, Asia and North America are highly variable, ranging from over 40 percent to less than 10 percent.

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Many cities across the world have grown rapidly over the past 50 years in terms of total population. Beijing in , for example, had a population of 1. By this was more than 10 times higher, at more than 18 million. Dhaka capital of Bangladesh increased from less than half a million in to almost 18 million in and projected to reach 31 million by Related chart — population density of cities. This chart shows the population density of cities across the world. In the map here we see how the share of populations living in urban areas has changed in recent curies. Data on urban shares dating back to are available only for select countries, with an estimated share at the global level.

Using the timeline on the map or by clicking on a country you can see how this share has changed over time. Here we see clearly again that urbanization has largely been confined to the past years. By , still over 90 percent of the global and country-level population lived in rural areas. Urbanization in the United States began to increase rapidly through the 19th century, reaching 40 percent by This rate of urbanization was, however, outpaced by Japan. Urban shares in Japan were low until the 20th century.

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By , it had just surpassed 1-in This increased rapidly, reaching over half of the population by ; nearly 80 percent by , and surpassing the USA to over 90 percent today. China and India had not dissimilar rates of urbanization until the late s. Over this year period its urban share more than doubled to 58 percent. The recency of urbanization becomes even more pronounced when we look at trends for countries and regions over even longer timescales — the past 10, years.

This is shown in the visualization here, derived from the work of the History Database of the Global Environment.

For most of our history humans lived in low-density, rural settings. Related chart — urban land area over the past 10, years. This chart shows the change in urban land area dating back to 10, BC. The past 50 years in particular have seen a rapid increase in rates of urbanization across the world.

Are these trends likely to continue? The UN World Urbanization Prospects provides estimates of urban shares across the world through to Across all countries urban shares are projected to increase in the coming decades, although at varied rates. In fact, by there are very few countries where rural shares are expected to be higher than urban. Why, when most countries are expected to be majority urban , does the global total just over two-thirds?

It shows, for any given country, whether more people the majority live in urban or rural areas. In , it was predominantly high-income countries across Europe, the Americas, Australasia and Japan who were largely urban. In the chart we see estimates of urban and rural populations in absolute terms, projected through to As of we see that there is around 7. By , global population is projected to increase to around 9. Using our timeline map of urbanization you can explore how countries are expected to transition from predominantly rural to urban in the coming decades.

In the chart we show the relationship between the share of the population living in urban areas y-axis and average income gross domestic product per capita on the x-axis. Here we see a strong relationship between urbanization and income: as countries get richer, they tend to become more urbanized. The link between urbanization and economic growth has been well-documented. Urbanization is complex, however there are many recognised benefits of urban settings when developed successfully including high-density of economic activity, shorter trade links, utilisation of human capital, shared infrastructure and division of labour.

Is there a causal feedback by which urbanization is also a predictor of future economic growth? Some examples include:. Note, however, that it is difficult to infer causality between urbanization and these examples. Since urbanization shows a strong correlation with income, such relationships may instead simply show the effect of higher incomes on electricity access, sanitation, drinking water and nutrition.

Furthermore, there can also be significant inequalities within urban areas; this is evidenced by the fact that across many low-to-middle income countries a high share of the urban population live in slum households which lack access to all of the basic resources. It would be expected that changing where populations live will have an impact on types of employment.

In the chart we see the share of people employed who are in agriculture y-axis versus the share of the population living in urban areas.

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