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By creating a job alert, you agree to our Terms. You can change your consent settings at any time by unsubscribing or as detailed in our terms. However, because the situation is ever-evolving, public and animal health officials may decide to test certain animals. Although testing of animals uses the same techniques as those used for humans, the NVSL and other laboratories incorporate animal-specific reagents to preserve needed supplies for testing of humans. To aid in interpretation of test results that might be mentioned in reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive animals, we have summarized below three commonly used tests and what a positive result on each may mean.

This is not meant to be an exhaustive list of potential SARS-CoV-2 tests that might be used for animals, nor a complete explanation of how each test is performed. It is meant only as an aid in critically reading news reports, scientific articles, and other information about SARS-CoV-2 in animals.

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Some studies are designed to find good animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas others are being conducted to explore the potential host range of the virus. Similar studies were conducted after the SARS outbreak in Results of more recent studies describing experimental infections of domestic animals with SARS-CoV-2 or exploring the potential host range of SARS-CoV-2 can also help veterinarians and other public health professionals better understand what role, if any, animals might play in the ongoing pandemic. Ferrets, Syrian hamsters, and cats—all animals that may be kept as pets—show early potential for serving as animal models of human infection with the COVID virus, but dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks do not.

And, while comparative sequence analyses, molecular modeling and in vitro studies suggest that multiple animal species may theoretically be able to be infected with SARS-CoV-2, a definitive intermediate host has not yet been found. In addition, it is important to note that there is little to no evidence that domestic animals are easily infected with SARS-CoV-2 under natural conditions and no evidence that they can transmit the virus to people.

The primary mode of transmission of COVID in humans is person-to-person via respiratory droplets and contact. Below, we provide a brief summary of three primary lines of investigation that have been used to study SARS-CoV-2 in animals and list some strengths and potential weaknesses of each. We have developed a n in-depth summary of key research articles for those who wish to learn more and will update this summary on a regular basis. We also believe it is important to note that because of the rapid rate of research on SARS-CoV-2 and the need to learn as much as possible about the virus in order to develop new approaches to mitigate its pathogenicity and transmission rate, many research papers are being posted on preprint websites such as bioRxiv and medRxiv before being submitted for potential publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

These open-access sites allow for rapid dissemination of information and wide sharing of experimental designs and preliminary results, which in turn allows for greater collaboration among scientists from around the world.

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However, it can also lead to results not yet reaffirmed or peer-reviewed being inadvertently publicized as definitive statements and conclusive evidence. Immediately after the SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence was first described in January , multiple laboratories began extensive comparisons of the new coronavirus sequence with known sequences of other coronaviruses.

Results of these analyses helped map out the genomic and protein structure of SARS-CoV-2 and its evolutionary relationship with other coronaviruses. These comparisons revealed that although SARS-CoV-2 was a genetically distinct virus, it was most similar to two betacoronaviruses: one associated with bats, and the other the causative agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS outbreak in humans—that is, SARS-CoV.

Binding of the RBDs on the viral spike protein to ACE2 on the surface of host cells is one of the necessary steps leading to replication and amplification of these two viruses in permissive hosts. The protein sequence and structure of ACE2 is fairly conserved across mammalian species.

However, changes from the human ACE2 sequence in one or more amino acids, particularly in the viral binding region of ACE2, can alter the binding affinity between SARS-CoV-2 and the host cell, making some animal species more permissive to infection than others. Molecular modeling coupled with in vitro studies can be have been used to analyze the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD and the viral binding region of ACE2 from a wide variety of animal species, with results indicating those species that, theoretically, should be most permissive to infection.

An advantage to using comparative sequence analyses, molecular modeling, and in vitro techniques is that live animals are not needed to study the interactions between viral surface proteins and surface proteins from multiple potential host species. Results can then be used to predict which interactions might be most important for viral infectivity, identify potential permissive non-human animal hosts for SARS-CoV-2, and help narrow down the choice of species to use in subsequent experimental infection and transmission studies.

However, there are limitations to studies that use these techniques. In the example provided above, although the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2 on host cells may be necessary for the virus to infect a given species, it is not sufficient for infection. That is, there are numerous other virus-host interactions required for SARS-CoV-2 to enter and replicate effectively within host cells while evading the host immune system in order to amplify and spread as infectious viral particles to other members of the same host species.

Reliable animal models are needed for pathogenicity studies and studies that may ultimately lead to new anti-viral drugs and COVID vaccines. Results of experimental infection and transmission studies may also help identify potential intermediate hosts in the evolution of the virus from its natural animal reservoir—likely a bat—to SARS-CoV-2, a betacoronavirus that preferentially infects and replicates in humans.

The species of animals used in these types of studies can be selected on the basis of what is known about similar viruses; information from comparative sequence analyses, molecular modeling, and in vitro studies as described above; and reports of animals, particularly pets, that may be, in rare situations, naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 following close contact with a COVID positive person.

These animals were also identified as potential permissive host species on the basis of comparative sequence analyses, molecular modeling, and in vitro studies, and although extremely rare, SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted from infected owners to pet cats. Positive results from multiple studies conducted in different laboratories suggest that cats and ferrets, as well as other domestic animals e. The results of some of these studies have been widely publicized in the press, which has raised concern from pet owners.

However, we emphasize caution in not overinterpreting the results from experimental infection and transmission studies, and also caution about extrapolating them to the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to naturally infect or be transmitted by companion animals kept as pets.

Our rationale is as follows:. In these studies, blood is collected from all animals in a given population, and serum analyzed for the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV Detection of antibodies is most commonly done via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA , which can detect all antibodies against a specific surface viral peptide or protein, or a particular class of virus-specific antibodies such as IgM, which appears early in the host immune response, or more typically, IgG, which appears later and persists longer than does IgM.

Serum can also be analyzed for virus neutralizing antibodies, although these assays are more time and resource intensive than are ELISAs.

A positive ELISA or virus neutralizing antibody result suggests that the animal was infected with SARS-CoV-2—and may still be infected—at a level and for a duration sufficient to elicit a virus-specific antibody response. A negative result may mean that the animal was never infected with SARS-CoV-2 or that it was only recently infected and has not yet mounted an immune response to the virus.

Thus, results of serological surveys can differentiate between animals that were infected with SARS-CoV-2 at a level sufficient to induce viral-specific antibody production from those that were not. However, serological surveys cannot be used to identify currently infected animals, nor can they be used to draw definitive conclusions regarding the course of infection in animals found to be seropositive—that is, the source, duration, and severity of infection. Perhaps most importantly, results of serological surveys cannot be used to draw definitive conclusions regarding the ability of a seropositive animal to transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other animals, including people.

To date, there is no conclusive evidence from published scientific studies that, under natural conditions, domestic animals, including those kept as pets such as cats, dogs, ferrets, and Syrian hamsters, can be readily infected with or transmit SARS-CoV However, many additional studies are underway to better understand the transmission dynamics and pathogenic mechanisms of this virus, with results of multiple studies being posted or published online on an almost daily basis. This rapid review was first posted on March 20, and has been updated multiple times since then.

We encourage you to check back often. Despite the number of global cases of COVID surpassing the 7 million mark as of June 8, , we are aware of only a handful of pets and captive or farmed wild animals globally that have tested positive for SARS-CoV In all cases, the source of the infection for pets was presumed to be one or more persons with confirmed or suspected COVID At this point in time, there is also no evidence that domestic animals, including pets and livestock, play a significant role in spreading SARS-CoV-2 to people.

During this pandemic emergency, animals and people each need the support of the other and veterinarians are there to support the good health of both. Know the taxonomy applied to coronaviruses, and what coronaviruses are recognized in domestic animals and humans. View a detailed taxonomy of coronaviruses that affect animals and people, including associated diseases and affected organ systems.

Because the situation is ever-evolving, public and animal health officials may decide to test certain animals in various situations.

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