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The Alaska Map

This combination of science, engineering, and artistry was generated by researchers using data from three different Earth-observing satellite instruments. The research team's goal was to assemble an image that recreates the visceral impact of viewing Earth from space with human eyes.

The prominent storm raging off the west coast of North America is Hurricane Linda. Other obvious features include the shallow waters of the Caribbean and sediments around the mouth of the Amazon River. This global view of city lights in the Western Hemisphere is a composite assembled from satellite data acquired over nine days in April and 13 days in October It took orbits to get a clear shot of every parcel of Earth's land surface and islands.

This new data was then mapped over existing Blue Marble imagery of Earth to provide a realistic view of the planet. Apollo 11 Earth-rise from lunar orbit.

View of the Earth from space showing most of the Western Hemisphere including all of the North American continent and the northern portion of South America. View of the Earth from space showing part of the Eastern Hemisphere including all of Africa, the island of Madagascar, the Arabian peninsula, and a portion of Antarctica. Among the views of Earth afforded crew members aboard the International Space Station ISS , surely one of the most spectacular is of the aurora.

These ever-shifting displays of colored ribbons, curtains, rays, and spots are most visible near the North aurora borealis and South aurora australis Poles as charged particles streaming from the sun the solar wind interact with Earth's magnetic field, resulting in collisions with atoms of oxygen and nitrogen in the upper atmosphere. The atoms are excited by these collisions, and typically emit photons light as a means of returning to their original energy state. The photons form the aurora that we see. The most commonly observed color of aurora is green, caused by photons emitted by excited oxygen atoms at wavelengths centered at 0.

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Visible light is reflected from healthy green plant leaves at approximately the same wavelength. Red auroras are generated by light emitted at a longer wavelength 0. While auroras are generally only visible close to the poles, severe magnetic storms impacting Earth's magnetic field can shift them towards the equator. This striking Aurora Australis image was taken during a geomagnetic storm that was most likely caused by a coronal mass ejection from the sun on 24 May The ISS was located over the Southern Indian Ocean at an altitude of km mi , with the observer most likely looking towards Antarctica not visible and the South Pole.

The aurora has a sinuous ribbon shape that separates into discrete spots near the lower right corner of the image. While the dominant coloration of the aurora is green, there are faint suggestions of red photon emission as well light fuscia tones at center left. Dense cloud cover is dimly visible below the aurora. The curvature of Earth's horizon, or limb, is clearly visible as is the faint blue line of the upper atmosphere directly above at top center. Several stars appear as bright pinpoints against the blackness of space at top right.

On October , a mass of energetic particles from the atmosphere of the sun were flung out into space, a phenomenon known as a coronal mass ejection. Three days later, the storm from the sun stirred up the magnetic field around Earth and produced gorgeous displays of northern lights. NASA satellites track such storms from their origin to their crossing of interplanetary space to their arrival in the atmosphere of Earth. This is a satellite view of the aurora borealis taken early on the morning of 8 October The northern lights stretch across Canada's Quebec and Ontario provinces in the image.

Many people have spent time outdoors under a dark sky, watching for "shooting stars" to streak across the firmament.

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While not actual stars, "shooting stars" do come from outer space, in the form of meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere. Meteoroids are small objects moving through the solar system that are attracted to the Earth by its gravitational pull. These small objects - typically fragments of asteroids or comets, though they can also originate from the Moon or Mars - begin to heat and burn up as they collide with air molecules in Earth's atmosphere, creating a bright vapor trail or streak.

At this point, the object is known as a meteor. If any remnant of the object survives to impact the Earth's surface, it becomes known as a meteorite. While most meteorites are natural in origin, on occasion manmade space debris can reenter the atmosphere and also become a meteor or even a meteorite! This astronaut photograph provides the unusual perspective of looking down on a meteor as it passes through the atmosphere.

Green and yellow airglow appears in thin layers above the limb of the Earth, extending from image left to the upper right. Atoms and molecules above 50 km 30 mi in the atmosphere are excited by sunlight during the day, and then release this energy at night, producing primarily green light that is observable from orbit. Part of a space station solar panel is visible at image upper right; behind the panel, a bright region indicates the Sun low on the horizon.

At high latitudes in the summer months, night-shining or noctilucent clouds form between 76 to 85 km 47 to 53 mi above the surface of the Earth. Their high altitude allows them to reflect sunlight after the sun has set. In this image, centered on the North Pole and acquired on 11 June , white indicates clouds with the greatest density of ice particles and dark blue indicates clouds with the lowest. Because ice particles reflect sunlight, a greater concentration of such particles creates a higher albedo - the ratio of reflected light to total incoming light. Areas of no data appear in black, and landmass outlines appear in blue-green.

Polar mesospheric clouds - also known as noctilucent or "night shining" clouds - form between 76 to 85 km 47 to 53 mi above the Earth's surface, near the boundary of the mesosphere and thermosphere, a region known as the mesopause. At these altitudes, water vapor can freeze into clouds of ice crystals. When the sun is below the horizon and the ground is in darkness, these high clouds may still be illuminated, lending them their ethereal, "night shining" qualities.

Polar mesospheric clouds have been observed from all human vantage points in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres - from the surface, in aircraft, and from spacecraft - and tend to be most visible during the late spring and early summer. Polar mesospheric clouds also known as noctilucent clouds are transient, upper atmospheric phenomena observed usually in the summer months at high latitudes greater than 50 degrees of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. They are bright and cloudlike in appearance while in deep twilight. They are illuminated by sunlight when the lower layers of the atmosphere are in the darkness of the Earth's shadow.

This image was acquired from the International Space Station at an altitude of just over km mi in the pre-dawn hours.

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Introduction :: World. Background : This entry usually highlights major historic events and current issues and may include a statement about one or two key future trends. Globally, the 20th century was marked by: a two devastating world wars; b the Great Depression of the s; c the end of vast colonial empires; d rapid advances in science and technology, from the first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina US to the landing on the moon; e the Cold War between the Western alliance and the Warsaw Pact nations; f a sharp rise in living standards in North America, Europe, and Japan; g increased concerns about environmental degradation including deforestation, energy and water shortages, declining biological diversity, and air pollution; h the onset of the AIDS epidemic; and i the ultimate emergence of the US as the only world superpower.

The planet's population continues to explode: from 1 billion in to 2 billion in , 3 billion in , 4 billion in , 5 billion in , 6 billion in , and 7 billion in For the 21st century, the continued exponential growth in science and technology raises both hopes e. Geography :: World. Geographic overview:.

Map references : This entry includes the name of the Factbook reference map on which a country may be found. Note that boundary representations on these maps are not necessarily authoritative. The entry on Geographic coordinates may be helpful in finding some smaller countries.

Physical Map of the World. Area : This entry includes three subfields. Area - comparative : This entry provides an area comparison based on total area equivalents.

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Most entities are compared with the entire US or one of the 50 states based on area measurements revised provided by the US Bureau of the Census. Image Description. Area - rankings:. Land boundaries : This entry contains the total length of all land boundaries and the individual lengths for each of the contiguous border countries. When available, official lengths published by national statistical agencies are used. Because surveying methods may differ, country border lengths reported by contiguous countries may differ.

Coastline : This entry gives the total length of the boundary between the land area including islands and the sea. Maritime claims : This entry includes the following claims, the definitions of which are excerpted from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNCLOS , which alone contains the full and definitive descriptions: territorial sea - the sovereignty of a coastal state extends beyond its land territory and internal waters to an adjacent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea in the UNCLOS Part II ; this sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as its underlying s.

Climate : This entry includes a brief description of typical weather regimes throughout the year; in the Word entry only, it includes four subfields that describe climate extremes:ten driest places on earth average annual precipitation describes the annual average precipitation measured in both millimeters and inches for selected countries with climate extremes.

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Terrain : This entry contains a brief description of the topography. Ten Cave Superlatives: compiled from "Geography - note s " under various country entries where more details may be found largest cave: Son Doong in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam is the world's largest cave greatest cross sectional area and is the largest known cave passage in the world by volume; it currently measures a total of Elevation : This entry includes the mean elevation and elevation extremes, lowest point and highest point.

Natural resources : This entry lists a country's mineral, petroleum, hydropower, and other resources of commercial importance, such as rare earth elements REEs.

In general, products appear only if they make a significant contribution to the economy, or are likely to do so in the future. Irrigated land : This entry gives the number of square kilometers of land area that is artificially supplied with water. Population distribution : This entry provides a summary description of the population dispersion within a country. While it may suggest population density, it does not provide density figures. Natural hazards : This entry lists potential natural disasters.

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