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By granting the abbey cathedral status, Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare it from the destruction or dissolution which he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period. Westminster diocese was dissolved in , but the abbey was recognised in , retroactively to as a second cathedral of the Diocese of London until The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England , but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in In , Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a " Royal Peculiar " — a church of the Church of England responsible directly to the Sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop — and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter that is, a non-cathedral church with an attached chapter of canons , headed by a dean.

It suffered damage during the turbulent s, when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts , but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in , only to be disinterred in January and posthumously hanged from a gibbet at Tyburn. The abbey's two western towers were built between and by Nicholas Hawksmoor , constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design. Purbeck marble was used for the walls and the floors of Westminster Abbey, although the various tombstones are made of different types of marble.

Further rebuilding and restoration occurred in the 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott. A narthex a portico or entrance hall for the west front was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the midth century but was not built. Images of the abbey prior to the construction of the towers are scarce, though the abbey's official website states that the building had "towers which had been left unfinished in the medieval period".

In the top of one of the piers on the north side of the Abbey fell down, by earthquake, with the iron and lead that had fastened it. Several houses fell in, and many chimneys were damaged. Another shock had been felt during the preceding month. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November All the bombs were extinguished by ARP wardens, except for one bomb which ignited out of reach among the wooden beams and plaster vault of the lantern roof of over the North Transept.

Flames rapidly spread and burning beams and molten lead began to fall on the wooden stalls, pews and other ecclesiastical fixtures feet below. Despite the falling debris, the staff dragged away as much furniture as possible before withdrawing. Finally the Lantern roof crashed down into the crossing, preventing the fires from spreading further.

It was at Westminster Abbey that six companies of eminent churchmen led by Lancelot Andrewes , Dean of Westminster , newly translated the Bible into English, so creating the King James Version in the early 17th century. In the s, two icons by the Russian icon painter Sergei Fyodorov were hung in the abbey. On 6 September , the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales , was held at the abbey.

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In June the first major building work at the abbey for years was proposed. A corona — a crown-like architectural feature — was suggested to be built around the lantern over the central crossing , replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the s. On 4 August the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued. The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries have been created in the medieval triforium of the abbey.

This is a display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. A new Gothic access tower with lift was designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric , Ptolemy Dean. The new galleries opened in June The 19th-century choir screen divides the nave from the chancel.

King Edward's Chair or St Edward's Chair , the throne on which English and British sovereigns have been seated at the moment of crowning, is now housed within the Abbey in St George's Chapel near the West Door, and has been used at every coronation since From to except for a short time in when the stone was temporarily stolen by Scottish nationalists , the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scots are crowned.

Although the Stone is now kept in Scotland, in Edinburgh Castle , it is intended that the Stone will be returned to St Edward's Chair for use during future coronation ceremonies. Royal weddings have included: [50]. Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster , as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I dated 21 May , [52] which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster, a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign.

Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of a royal saint, Edward the Confessor , whose relics were placed in a shrine in the sanctuary. Henry III himself was interred nearby, as were many of the Plantagenet kings of England, their wives and other relatives. From the Middle Ages, aristocrats were buried inside chapels, while monks and other people associated with the abbey were buried in the cloisters and other areas.

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One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer , who was buried here as he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as master of the King's Works. Other poets, writers and musicians were buried or memorialised around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner. Abbey musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried in their place of work.

Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated in the abbey. Another was William Wilberforce who led the movement to abolish slavery in the United Kingdom and the Plantations, buried on 3 August Wilberforce was buried in the north transept, close to his friend, the former Prime Minister, William Pitt.

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During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in the abbey. In the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey, thereby becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey. In the floor, just inside the Great West Door, in the centre of the nave, is the tomb of The Unknown Warrior , an unidentified British soldier killed on a European battlefield during the First World War.

He was buried in the abbey on 11 November This grave is the only one in the abbey on which it is forbidden to walk. It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain , which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war. On 6 September the formal, though not "state" funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales , was held.

It was a royal ceremonial funeral including royal pageantry and Anglican funeral liturgy. A second public service was held on Sunday at the demand of the people. The burial occurred privately later the same day.

Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker , which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa , who died a day before Diana's funeral.

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Her grave is on the grounds of her family estate, Althorp , on a private island. At the same time, the ashes of the Queen Mother 's daughter, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon , who had died on 9 February , were also interred in a private family service. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing for services in the Abbey. Westminster Abbey is renowned for its choral tradition, and the repertoire of Anglican church music is heard in daily worship, particularly at the service of Choral Evensong.

Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed and built in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson , were re-instated and coloured in In and , Harrison and Harrison enlarged the organ under the direction of the then abbey organist Simon Preston to include an additional Lower Choir Organ and a Bombarde Organ: the current instrument now has five manuals and speaking stops. The bells at the abbey were overhauled in The Tenor bell in D In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in and respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells — one cast about , by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in , by Thomas Lester.

The chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about and The entrance is approached from the east cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above. Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house.

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It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows.

The chapter house has an original midth-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around and is believed to be the oldest in England. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament.

The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx , in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards.

The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage , but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. The Westminster Abbey Museum was located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey.

This was one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in This space had been used as a museum since [82] but was closed to the public in June , when it was replaced as a museum by the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries, high up in the Abbey triforium. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Westminster Abbey disambiguation. Not to be confused with Westminster Cathedral. Church in London. Listed Building — Grade I.

Main articles: Coronation of the British monarch and List of British coronations. Main article: Dean and Chapter of Westminster. Main article: Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey. See also: List of Westminster Abbey organists.

Christianity portal London portal. Archived PDF from the original on 4 March Retrieved 12 January In Johnston, Bernard ed. Collier's Encyclopedia. I A to Ameland First ed. New York, NY: P. National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 9 July Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey.

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Archived from the original on 3 July Retrieved 19 April Archived from the original on 14 July Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 29 April New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January Retrieved 1 January Archived from the original on 29 July Retrieved 28 July Archived from the original on 16 September Retrieved 21 July Archived from the original on 3 August London: British History Online. Archived from the original on 3 November Retrieved 8 November Web Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 9 November Archived from the original on 15 May Retrieved 16 June The Architects and Architecture of London.

Retrieved 2 February Ampleforth Abbey. Archived from the original on 15 October Claiborne Werner Laurie. Archived from the original on 14 February Retrieved 8 January The Church of Mary Tudor. Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Wordsworth Editions. Anglicans online. Archived from the original on 28 July Archived from the original on 27 September Burges 2nd enlarged ed.

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