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It is likely the Albany area was visited by European fur traders, perhaps as early as , but the extent and duration of those visits has not been determined. Commencement of the fur trade provoked hostility from the French colony in Canada and among the natives, all of whom vied to control the trade.

In , a flood ruined the fort on Castle Island, but it was rebuilt in as Fort Orange. At that time the county included all of present New York State north of Dutchess and Ulster Counties in addition to present-day Bennington County, Vermont , theoretically stretching west to the Pacific Ocean ; [31] [32] Albany became the county seat. The Dongan Charter was virtually identical in content to the charter awarded to the city of New York three months earlier. At this point, Albany had a population of about people.

In , representatives of seven British North American colonies met in the Stadt Huys , Albany's city hall , for the Albany Congress ; Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania presented the Albany Plan of Union there, which was the first formal proposal to unite the colonies. Tories and prisoners of war were often jailed in the Stadt Huys alongside common criminals.

During and after the Revolutionary War, Albany County saw a great increase in real estate transactions. After Horatio Gates defeated John Burgoyne at Saratoga in , the upper Hudson Valley was generally at peace as the war raged on elsewhere. Prosperity was soon seen all over Upstate New York. Migrants from Vermont and Connecticut began flowing in, noting the advantages of living on the Hudson and trading at Albany, while being only a few days' sail from New York City. The fire originated at a stable belonging to Leonard Gansevoort and was suspected to be arson set by disgruntled slaves.

Three slaves were arrested and charged with arson: a male slave named Pompey, owned by Matthew Visscher; a year old slave girl named Dinah, owned by Volkert P. Douw ; and a year old slave girl named Bet, owned by Philip S. Van Rensselaer. On January 6, , the three were tried and sentenced to death. For reasons unknown, Governor George Clinton issued a temporary stay of execution, but the slave girls were executed by hanging on March 14, and Pompey on April 11, In , the state capital of New York was moved permanently to Albany.

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From statehood to this date, the Legislature had frequently moved the state capital between Albany, Kingston , Hurley , Poughkeepsie , and the city of New York. Albany has been a center of transportation for much of its history. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Albany saw development of the turnpike and by , Albany was the turnpike center of the state.

Simeon De Witt developed a grid block system in , and renamed streets that had honored British royalty, using names of birds and mammals instead. In , Robert Fulton initiated a steamboat line from New York to Albany, the first successful enterprise of its kind anywhere in the world. Three years later, he discovered electromagnetic self-induction the SI unit for which is now the henry.

He went on to be the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Albany also has significant history with rail transport , [63] as the location of two major regional railroad headquarters. While the key to Albany's economic prosperity in the 19th century was transportation, industry and business also played a role. Largely thanks to the city's Dutch and German roots, beer was one of its biggest commodities. Beverwyck Brewery , originally known as Quinn and Nolan Nolan being mayor of Albany — , [70] was the last remaining brewer from that time when it closed in The city's location at the east end of the Erie Canal gave it unparalleled access to both raw products and a captive customer base in the west.

Albany was second only to Boston in the number of books produced for most of the 19th century. To this day, one can see many intricate wrought-iron details that were constructed in those years on what are now historic buildings. The iron industry waned by the s due to increased costs associated with a newly unionized workforce and the opening of mines in the Mesabi Range in Minnesota. Albany's other major exports during the 18th and 19th centuries were furs, wheat, meat, and lumber. The Bank of Albany — was the second chartered bank in New York. Part of the land annexed to Guilderland was ceded back to Albany in , setting up the current western border.

Albany opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, and the first municipal airport in the United States, in Originally on a polo field on Loudon Road, it moved to Westerlo Island in and remained there until The Albany Municipal Airport—jointly owned by the city and county—was moved to its current location in Colonie in By Albany's northern and southern borders reached their modern courses; [52] Westerlo Island , to the south, became the second-to-last annexation, which occurred in Erastus Corning 2nd , arguably Albany's most notable mayor and great-grandson of the former mayor of the same name , was elected in During the s and s, a time when federal aid for urban renewal was plentiful, [86] Albany did not have growth in its economy or infrastructure.

It lost more than 20 percent of its population during the Corning years, as people moved to newer housing in the suburbs, followed by most of the downtown businesses moving there as well. It was known from then on as Albany County Airport until a massive upgrade and modernization project between and , when it was rechristened Albany International Airport.

Governor Nelson Rockefeller — R tried to stimulate the city with new monumental architecture and large, government-sponsored building projects; he drove construction of the Empire State Plaza , SUNY Albany 's uptown campus, and much of the W. Frangella once quipped, "Governor Rockefeller was the best mayor Albany ever had. Rockefeller did not want to be limited by the Legislature's power of the purse , so Corning devised a plan to have the county pay for the construction and have the state sign a lease-ownership agreement.

The state paid off the bonds until It was Rockefeller's only viable option, and he agreed. Due to the clout Corning gained from the situation, he gained inclusion of the State Museum, a convention center, and a restaurant, back in the plans—ideas which Rockefeller had originally vetoed. Having the state offices in the city enabled it to keep good jobs and retain middle-class residents. Another major project of the s and s was Interstate and the South Mall Arterial. One of the project's main results, since regretted, was separating the city from the Hudson River, its source of development.

The project would have required an underground trumpet interchange below Washington Park , connecting to the eventually cancelled Mid-Crosstown Arterial. When Corning died in , Thomas Whalen assumed the mayorship and was reelected twice. He encouraged redevelopment of historic structures and helped attract federal dollars earmarked for that purpose. What Corning had saved from destruction, Whalen refurbished for continued and new uses. Prior to the recession of the s , downtown Albany was home to four Fortune companies. Long-term office holders became rare in the s. Local media began following the drama surrounding county politics specifically that of the newly created county executive position ; the loss of Corning and eventually the machine led to a lack of interest in city politics.

His tenure essentially ended the political machine that had been in place since the s.

Albany, New York

Many state workers were relocated from the Harriman State Office Campus to downtown, helping its retail businesses and vitality. Fortune companies with offices in Albany include American Express , J. Albany won the All-America City Award in both and Patroon Creek , along the northern border, and the Normans Kill, along the southern border, are the two major streams in the city. The lowest point is sea level at the Hudson River the average water elevation is 2 feet 0. A preserve was set up by the State Legislature in and is on the city's western edge, spilling into Guilderland and Colonie; [] it is the only sizable inland pine barrens sand dune ecosystem in the United States, [] and is home to many endangered species, including the Karner Blue butterfly.

Albany is in plant hardiness zone 6a near downtown and along the shore of the Hudson and 5b at its western end. Snowfall is significant, totaling However, Albany is close enough to the Atlantic coast to receive heavy snow from Nor'easters and the city occasionally receives Alberta clippers. The neighborhoods of Albany [] [] include Arbor Hill ; [] Center Square, "[an] eclectic mix of residential and commercial [buildings], including bars, night clubs, restaurants, and stores"; [] Pine Hills ; [] and the South End. Albany has more than 60 public parks and recreation areas.

Its current location has been public property since the Dongan Charter of gave the city title to all property not privately owned. Washington Park was designed by John Bogart and John Cuyler in , [] and opened for public use the following year.

The original lake house, designed by Frederick W. Brown, was added in The park had previously been used as a cemetery; its graves were moved to Albany Rural Cemetery. Washington Park is a popular place to exercise and play sports; skate during the winter; people-watch during Tulip Fest ; and attend plays at the amphitheater during the summer.

Buckingham Lake Park is between Manning Boulevard and Route 85 in the Buckingham Pond neighborhood; it contains a pond with fountains, a footpath, a playground, and picnic tables. The Preserve's visitors center details the ecology of the Hudson River and the local environment. The Empire State Plaza , a collection of state agency office buildings, dominates almost any view of Albany. Built between and at the hand of Governor Nelson A.

Rockefeller and architect Wallace Harrison , the complex is a powerful example of late American modern architecture [] and remains a controversial building project both for displacing city residents and for its architectural style. Albany's initial architecture incorporated many Dutch influences, followed soon after by those of the English.

Housing type quickly changes as one travels westward, beginning with two-family homes of the late 19th century, and one-family homes built after World War II in the western end of the city. It has a classical exterior, which features a block-long white marble colonnade. Architecture from the s and s is well represented in the city, especially at the W. The state office campus was planned in the s by governor W. Averell Harriman to offer more parking and easier access for state employees. Straying from the popular open campus layout , SUNY Albany has a centralized building layout with administrative and classroom buildings at center surrounded by four student housing towers.

The design called for much use of concrete and glass, and the style has slender, round-topped columns and pillars reminiscent of those at Lincoln Center in New York City. Downtown has seen a revival in recent decades, often considered to have begun with Norstar Bank 's renovation of the former Union Station as its corporate headquarters in Historically, Albany's population has been mixed.

First dominated by Dutch and Germans, it was overtaken by the English in the early 19th century. Irish immigrants soon outnumbered most other ethnicities by the midth century, and were followed by Italians and Poles.

History of Albany

In the mid-to-late 20th century, the African-American population increased with thousands of people from the rural South, as part of the Great Migration. Dutch and Yankee, German and Irish, Polish and Italian, black and Chinese—over the centuries Albany's heritage has reflected a succession of immigrant nationalities. Its streets have echoed with a dozen languages, its neighborhoods adapting to the distinctive life-style and changing economic fortunes of each new group.

Until after the Revolution, Albany's population consisted mostly of ethnic Dutch descendants. Settlers migrating from New England tipped the balance toward British ethnicity in the early 19th century. Their numbers were smaller than in many other eastern cities mainly because most had found manufacturing jobs at General Electric in Schenectady.

Safest Albany neighborhoods

Its population rose during the late 19th century, when many Ashkenazi Jews immigrated from eastern Europe. Many of their descendants have since moved to suburban areas. Albany was also a destination of internal migration, as many African Americans moved north in their Great Migration from the rural South before and after World War I to fill industrial positions and find new opportunities.

In the early years, they lived together with Italians, Jews and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive. The change in proportion is related mostly to middle-class white families moving to the suburbs, and black families remaining within city limits during the same time period. As of the census , [] there were 97, people living in the city. There were 46, housing units at an average density of 2, The racial makeup of the city residents was A total of 9. Albany is home to a Triqui language -speaking community of Mexican-Americans.

The population had The median age was For every females, there were For every females age 18 and over, there were Some There were 40, households in , out of which The average household size was 2. Reported property crimes 4, incidents per , residents were somewhat lower. Demographically speaking, the population of Albany and the Capital District mirrors the characteristics of the United States consumer population as a whole better than any other major municipality in the country.

According to a study conducted by the Acxiom Corporation , Albany and its environs are the top-ranked standard test market for new business and retail products. Albany, Rochester, and Syracuse all scored within the top five. Albany's geographic situation—roughly equidistant between New York City to the south and Montreal to the north, as well as approximately 4. The Palace Theatre and The Egg provide mid-sized forums for music, theater, and spoken word performances, with the Capital Repertory Theatre filling the small-sized niche.

It also hosts trade shows, sporting events, and other large-scale community gatherings. In recent years, the city's government has invested resources to cultivate venues and neighborhoods that attract after-hours business.

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